In May 1940, British and French troops and mechanized units in Germany line of defense after the collapse of rapid offensive in the northeast of Dunkirk in France near the Belgian border to the port city was the largest in the history of military withdrawal action. Britain remains the ultimate use of the vessel to withdraw a large number of troops. The large-scale evacuation operation is successful to save a lot of manpower, but the British Expeditionary Force stationed in France have dropped all the heavy equipment on the European continent, resulting in British ground defense serious problems.
Dunkirk Dunkirk in France near the Belgian border in the northeastern port city, population 7,1000 (1990). Dunkirk is ranked after Le Havre and Marseille, France's third largest port. It is also an industrial city, the main industries include iron and steel, food processing, oil refining, shipbuilding and chemicals. Dunkirk in World War II occurred in the 1940 campaign here in Dunkirk Dunkirk and the British and French troops retreat known.
historical background September 1, 1939 morning, the German army attacked Poland, World War II broke out. September 3, Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany. But in fact British and French troops is just hiding in the Maginot Line, the no effective military support to Poland. September 27, the German occupation of Warsaw, Poland fully occupied. In the meantime, British and French diplomatic Germany only to be condemned. By the Germans during the period known as the May 10, 1940 morning, 136 German division under the guidance of more than 3,000 tanks, bypassing the Maginot Line to A, B two Army Group offensive Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Luxembourg and other countries. The main direction of the German election of Army Group A in the left-wing, and command a powerful armored units, the northern end of the Maginot line - was considered a tank can not be adopted by the rugged mountains and heavily forested Ardennes offensive. This allows to Belgium against the Germans into the right-wing of Army Group B have lost British and French troops expected, just ten days time,UGG boots cheap, the German armored troops across mainland France, the English Channel coast line. In fact the north has been surrounded by coalition forces in northern France, Flanders. 27 May the Belgian army to surrender, 400,000 British and French troops began to withdraw all the focus on to Dunkirk. West of the English Channel to become the only hope the coalition forces needed it.
on the has received a halt Hitler personally issued the order. The order of Hitler to the German generals were baffled tanks, Guderian is Yangtianchangtan. Dunkirk at hand, but was ordered to halt! The German Air Force is in the attack. This command was aroused by the debate, by many military historians believe Hitler autocratic interference in military command of a stupid command. In fact, Hitler had his this command is considered and can not be completely attributed to him the responsibility. The first is uncertainty in northern France after the war, the Germans need to save for the next operations armor strength. Goering added assurance to the Air Force could destroy Dunkirk Hitler coalition. Swamps and low-lying terrain over and over Dunkirk, adverse armored advance, there is no need for armored forces suffered losses. Planned by the General Command of the German Army Group B to complete the final siege of the combat uniform. Second, although the effect is counter-coalition is not piecemeal, but part of the German High Command increased the armor loss of worry, because rapid penetration into the armor to infantry soldiers far behind. Hitler visited the headquarters of Army Group A, considered the need for the sudden halt in front of armored forces to block enemy breakthrough. At the same time the German air force commander Hermann Goering to ensure eradication of the Air Force can play in the pocket of the task forces. Another possibility is also considered to promote the cause of Hitler's orders, fearing armored units trapped in the Dunkirk perimeter of the area rivers and into trench warfare, the British and French troops could not quickly block the withdrawal. In addition, some people think that Hitler had the political intention to withdraw British troops as part of the United Kingdom, the political help to make peace with Britain. Including front-line commander of armored forces opposed some people, they should continue to move forward. The results of this command, the British and French troops in the face of the German Army Group B under the pressure of the withdrawal to Dunkirk, and cut off their retreat from Dunkirk, Army Group, A more recent, but in the west of Dunkirk Canal region to stop attacks, and no build-up forces along the coast, outflanking, which gave the British and French troops a chance. Coalition forces are now fighting for survival, strengthening the Dunkirk close to the defensive positions. Although the May 27 German armored forces to prevent the British and French troops from Dunkirk evacuation and recovery action, but they face the enemy can not break the organized defense. British and French forces successfully delayed the German attack, and for the withdrawal of forces from Dunkirk to win more time.
early during the Battle of May 19, the British failed to foresee a foregone conclusion, war cabinet instructed the Navy to develop expeditionary force organized withdrawal plan, code-named . The action by the naval commander Admiral Dover Bertram? Ramsay full command of the French coast from Calais plans, Brenda, and three ports in Dunkirk, evacuation of a million people every day, and concentrated 30 Ferry, 12 minesweepers. Ramsay also recommended strengthening the power of air cover, but the British commander of the Air Force Fighter Command, Hugh? Road D will be expressed only in the local context to meet the security, to send fighters to Dunkirk. May 26 evening fifty-seven past six p.m., the British Admiralty ordered that begin , Brent and Calais were 23 and 27 were occupied by German troops. 300,000 British and French troops the only way out is to Dunkirk and the surrounding 40 km coastline, Dunkirk is a long history of the ancient castle, from the 9th century AD, has been a major port in northern France in 1939, throughput Total for France's third largest port, has seven large vessels for berthing deep-water berths, 4 and 8 km long dry dock pier, the port channel through dredging, free access to large vessels, and improve the breakwater and wharf can effectively resist the convex wind big waves across the English Channel, if they can make full use of port facilities, 300,000 British and French troops can bring in just a few days all the safety equipment on board, but two weeks, the area has been heavy bombing German, 4 docks were all destroyed, 8 km long pier was blown into rubble, and even half of the urban areas are air Dunkirk was flattened. The only vessels can also be parking for only one less than 1200 m long Bela Vista, but also take up the stakes of wood, very simple, width up to 8 people can pass side by side, only one side has a concrete sea columns, with the lighthouse, there are some stakes around the banks, an emergency can be moored only, but the water more urgent, there is a certain danger when the vessel docked. No port facilities near the shoreline and breakwater, not far from the coast there is a parallel with the shore deep-water channel, and the Dunkirk port channel is connected, but this fast-flowing waterways, reefs clouds, very dangerous to navigation. From Dunkirk to the United Kingdom has three routes, Z range of the shortest route, only 40 miles, but the fire at the German blockade, you can not use; X longer distance routes, 55 miles, but the British have laid a number of routes a mine area in a short period of difficult to remove, can not be used; the only use of the longest-range Y the only route, the entire 90 miles, driving the entire distance almost six hours, although there is no threat of German artillery fire, but the German aircraft air threat has greatly increased the risk. Ramsey formed a team capable of commanding a total of only 16 people, to organize this most complex and most dangerous sea retreat, Ramsey is responsible for overall command and coordination, command of Rear Admiral Walter Wakefield in the English Channel voyage, William? Tennant command of Captain Dunkirk beaches in Hong Kong and board matters, Jack? Klaus COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES command of Lieutenant Colonel is responsible for the most critical Tung. Colonel Tennant which deliberately foil with a cigarette box in the SNO cut on three letters attached to the helmet to show he is the highest command of the naval officers to retreat, he led 12 officers and 150 soldiers, 30 million people in leadership and organization sea retreat. - His retreat in this sea, exceptional performance, so in the Normandy landings in 1944, was entrusted with the task, when he was promoted to rear admiral, is responsible for leading the most difficult landing for the artificial port and submarine oil pipeline construction, contribute significantly to successful landing. May 26 evening, the The beginning of the withdrawal action, to never again have a secret at all, combined with an emergency situation, the British Admiralty began to requisition ships along the coast and the Thames, or even on the radio called on all people with boats to Dunkirk, the owners are very aware the withdrawal of what it means for the British Expeditionary Force, the Department of the Navy to respond positively to the call, barges, tugs, cargo ships, passenger ships, fishing boats, boats and even private yachts, are trying out to sea, bound for Dunkirk. There have been 693 British ships and 168 in France, the Netherlands and Belgium vessels, a total of 861 vessels to join the rescue of various ranks, mainly in southern England, six from the port of departure, the six ports is Sheerness, Magath , Dover, New Haven, and Donald Gert Folkestone, connected to British and French troops in the Dunkirk soldiers then returned to the UK. May 27, the German Air Force and Air Force 3 Air Force mobilized, 2, port and beaches of Dunkirk was heavy bombing, dropping a total of 15,000 high explosive bombs and 30,000 incendiary bombs, inscribed London Park was almost razed to the ground, the British Air Force fighter jets from the local take-off 200 vehicles on the beach every effort to cover the embarkation point and the implementation of transport tasks of the vessel, although the British machine does not stop German machine Dunkirk air strikes, but a heavy blow to the German machine, only 2 of the German Air Force was shot down 23, 64 crew members dead, injured seven people, lost more than the sum of the last ten days! So on this day the Germans called the British Navy also go all out to deploy a cruiser, eight destroyers and 26 other ships to come, this is the British Navy since the first time since the war ships to transport personnel, full of deep draft ships officers and men, and even a few sub-tilt, sailors speak with a superb ship technology, full speed through the towering waves, playing the rain under the English Channel. While the British navy and air force do everything, but the lack of small ships, personnel from the beach can quickly receive large ships moored in coastal waters, slow withdrawal, the withdrawal of the 7669 people throughout the day only. That night, the German Navy submarines, torpedo boats and minesweepers from the occupation of the Netherlands and Belgium, just a port out, attempting to attack using the cover of night bear retreating British ships. Hitler also canceled an order to halt armored forces, so that the most frightened the British and French troops into battle armored division again. Ground, the German Army infantry are using the opportunity to surrender, Belgium, from Dunkirk than toward the military zone. British and French troops can no longer go to watch block, Dunkirk at stake! British 3rd Infantry Division commander under the command of Montgomery, cleverly maneuvering highlights the excellent German siege - men traveling in 600 military vehicles division, in all the gear on military vehicles are coated with reflective paint, in the post with a hidden Small lights illuminate the under fender, the driver of a car after this point to light followed by a car before, the whole team is off headlights, a strict blackout, riding on the night quietly withdraw. To prevent accidents, Montgomery is also easy to get lost in the corner intersections and traffic marshals at posts set up, directing the team road - this way, the 3rd Division night march 60 kilometers, successfully jumped out of the German encirclement, and arrived early morning of the 28th German front, strong line of defense organized, effectively guarantee the safety of Dunkirk. Montgomery, and therefore the military talent shows and began to show excellent Tau Kok, was promoted after the withdrawal of the British 2nd Army commander, began to show its mettle in the war, becoming the most famous generals of the British Army in World War II. May 28 morning, heavy fog filled Dunkirk, the German Air Force under Goering's strictly, regardless of bad weather, sent two bomber brigade, reached Dunkirk, the end result of poor visibility, was forced to return with a bomb. The British then used this opportunity to seize the organization of officers and soldiers to retreat, due to severely damaged the port, the beach growing role of the officers and men of every 50 people in a group, each headed by an officer and a sailor to lead to group units from the beach to the sea, wade a little deeper water, boarded the boat, then take the ferry boat to the ship far from the coast, to withdraw the United Kingdom. Afternoon, the Germans continued to 3-5 aircraft fleet consisting of a small implementation of disruptive air attack on Dunkirk, attempt to interfere with the withdrawal of British troops. But the British soon found little damage to the German air raids, most of the bombs fell on the sea and the open area, even a small number of bombs exploded near the soldiers assembled, soft sand can absorb most of the energy of the explosion, even in explosion is nothing but vibration around about, splashing the sand face. Upon seeing the soldiers waiting to retreat, have out from the shelter, and some on the beach playing football, cricket, some bathing in the sea, and even to play with the sand sculpture leisurely, seemed to close the death, does not care, it shows contempt for the Germans. After dark, the beach seems to be thousands of fireflies dancing in the night sky - it was waiting for the withdrawal of thousands of soldiers in the smoke of a cigarette butt out the formation of a dark flash spectacular scene! Day, there are 17,804 people evacuated, more than the previous day for a whole people, this is because public appeal of the civilian vessels began to arrive, play a role. May 29, three days to learn the experience of the British to take many measures to speed up the boarding rate, particularly in Tung Chung, in order to overcome up to 4-5 meters of sea level difference, who can find the wood, wooden beams, and even The wooden goal post have been used as a makeshift launch pad for a British also received a truck submerged in the beach into the sea as an extension of the temporary trestle. Afternoon, the weather turned fine start, the German Air Force, massive attack, one should make up the loss of a few days back posture,Discount UGG boots, German machines to large vessels for the target to attack, sank three destroyers and including five, including a large ferry 21 ships, hit a seven destroyers, will attend the retreat will be forced Ramsay's eight most advanced destroyers transferred back home to avoid a loss of these cutting-edge warships, combat after the German invasion of British combat. Land, a large number of French people back into Dunkirk and the French defense circles, road congestion was packed by a variety of vehicles, more and more fierce German offensive, the British and French forces in areas controlled by the shrinking German has been hit by ground fire Beach, Tung, and course. Although the British suffered heavy losses, but because a large number of civilian vessels joined the retreat, so that greatly increased the speed of withdrawal, reaching a record of two thousand people per hour! 47,310 people were evacuated throughout the day, the highest record for the past few days. May 30, Dunkirk region due to the air humidity is very large, heavy fog shrouded beach, almost live, from time to time there is rain, coupled with the smoke on the ground, visibility is low, the German Air Force could not come to attack. Wind big waves on the sea rush to the English Channel, said they uncharacteristically calm, making the UK a large number of small vessels to mobilize many of them are sea river vessels can reach the Dunkirk evacuation of the soldiers pick up. A total withdrawal of 53,822 people a day, of which nearly half the French army. May 31, commander of the British Expeditionary Force was ordered to return Gott, he will hand over command of 1 Corps to Alexandria, Alexandria, just outside Dunkirk burned his car, he was riding a bicycle came to accept the the right command. Morning fog still shrouded in Dunkirk, the Luftwaffe still can not attack, but the wind began to increase on the sea, the temporary shelter of the British pier by truck can not be used, but the withdrawal was still nervous to continue. Afternoon, the weather cleared, the German Air Force bombers out of 9 Brigade, the British also accurately predict the weather, expect massive incoming German aircraft will certainly do our best to send the aircraft to Dunkirk, to ensure that the beach is always above the an uninterrupted flying fighter patrols, trying cover the withdrawal troops and ships. Ground, the Germans from the west and south offensives launched two directions of a wave after wave, British and French troops in the desperate rearguard defense stick, special for the fierce fighting. On this day, Harold? Owen? Andrew captain because of his bravery, was awarded the Dunkirk evacuation in the UK the only one awarded the highest recognition of bravery medals - Victoria Cross, Andrew command of his of companies and as long as ten hours withstood the fierce shelling and beat back the Germans a second 冲锋, always hold the position, a gap when Ceyi adjacent units, he led the 36 active soldiers, rush support, Jitui the At least 500 Germans, the last when his troops and ammunition depleted, the core positions of the stick base and destroyed by German artillery fire, this with a few remaining eight officers and men to the chin in the deep water of 16,000 m long and difficult journey back to back position, there is no rest for another fight in the front, ... ... It is such men as Andrew numerous to fearless bravery, one after the deadly flame, and finally to stop the German offensive and won a very valuable time. That day, there are 68,014 to withdraw the United Kingdom. June 1, the weather turned fine, the German Air Force fully deployed, the British air force against each other, almost Qingnangerchu, sending all able to send the aircraft, from the Type two-seat fighter to Although it is shot down 23, but the sinking,Bailey UGG boots, including four officers and soldiers loaded 31 ships, including destroyers, but also hit 11, which is the costliest day of the British! The air in such a fierce fighting, bombs, shells looked sinister dashing situation, known for calm in Alexandria, known more and more fearless performance in the safety of the canvas deck chair on the beach, an air of calm to sit, quietly watching troops ordered to board, or gnawing Apple, while walking on the beach, do not care whistling air aircraft, ground fire fly, his calm equanimity the momentum of this great emotional impact forces, one officer stood beach carefully revised beard around orderlies also he took the mirror; There is also a soldier sitting at the stern leisurely fishing, filled with troops on the German bombing of indifferent contempt. Those who adhere to the troops on the ground, then adhere to the battle, some troops were ordered to retreat while boarding fight back side of the retreat, has been fighting to board the moment. Day, another 64,429 were saved. June 2, huge threat to the German aircraft, taking into account the Royal Air Force has been exhausting, in order to maintain sufficient air power to use in future war, the British were forced to retreat during the day to stop, only to retreat by night organizations . German Air Force lost the target, only to change target to begin large-scale air strikes in Paris, the attack on the Dunkirk will be done primarily by ground forces. As soon as night fell, the various components of the fleet of vessels set sail from the UK, just before midnight, reached Dunkirk, the last on board the British Expeditionary Force from Tung Chung. Slightly interrupted when the ranks of the withdrawal, the rescue vessel to guide sailors to the land withdrawal, the British Left Behind call people up and bring destroyers. Night, and the withdrawal of 26,256 people. June 3 morning, along with Alexander and Tennent visited the beach, complete withdrawal of the British Expeditionary Force was satisfied at night they led with their British staff officers boarded the destroyer as the last batch of the British withdrawal. Withdrawal of Britain's 26,175 people that night most of the French Army. At 9:40 on June 4, 18 German armored forces into the army belongs to the Dunkirk city, responsible for the last defender on the beach of about 40,000 French troops too late to evacuate all captured. Day there are 26,175 officers and men of the French evacuation of Dunkirk, the British army full of law, Twenty-three past two p.m., Ramsay announced the Withdrawal from the May 26 start to the end of June 4th, lasted 9 days. The withdrawal Gongyou 338,226 people evacuated to Britain from Dunkirk, in which approximately 21.5 million people in the British, the French army of about 9 million people, about 3.3 million people in the Belgian Army. Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands also use a variety of ships 861, including fishing boats, ferries, yachts and lifeboats and other small vessels. Just 10 days, this unprecedented
Churchill speech
Dunkirk evacuation ended, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered a speech in the House of Commons: We must be very careful not to cast a victory this retreat the colors, not by war retreated to win. ... ... Desperately want to sink the German ship loaded with thousands of soldiers on the sea vessel, but they were repulsed, they suffered a defeat, the withdrawal of the expeditionary force we are! ... ... He described the determination of the United Kingdom will continue to fight: large tracts of land in Europe and many famous old country, even though they have become or may fall into the Nazi secret police and the various organs of the clutches of evil, we are wavering, not discouraged. We will fight in the end. We will fight in France, we will fight in the sea and oceans, we will have a growing confidence and growing strength in the air combat force; we will at any price to defend our island. We will fight on the beach; we will fight the enemy landing sites; we will fight in the fields and streets; we will fight in the mountains; we shall never surrender. Even if most of the island or its conquest and starvation, and that this is not for a minute I believed, and we still overseas empire subjects under armed protection of the British fleet, continue to fight until the new world God sees fit to use it all the power and ability to save and the liberation of the old world. Significance
Dunkirk evacuation, from May 26 to June 4 calendar nine, in fact, May 26, June 2 and 3, three JCP evenings, May 27 to June 1 JCP five-day total of 338,226 people to withdraw the UK, of which approximately 21.5 million people in the British, the French army of about 9 million people, about 3.3 million people in the Belgian Army. But these troops from all the heavy equipment will be discarded, but carry the rifle back to the UK and hundreds of machine guns only, the beach at Dunkirk, the British and French forces dropped a total of 1,200 guns, 750 anti-aircraft guns, 500 anti-tank guns, 6.3 million cars, 7.5 million motorcycles, 700 tanks, 21,000 machine guns, anti-tank guns and 6400 50 million tons supplies. In retreat, the British and French troops have captured more than 4 million people, there are 2.8 million deaths and injuries, the casualties, some stick in the offensive against the Germans who died when a vital line of defense, some were killed on the beach waiting for the board Under the German air raids and artillery fire, there is at sea with the German sinking of the vessel was buried at sea. Britain mobilized a total of 861 vessels of various types into retreat, a 226 British ships and 17 French ship sunk by the Germans. British Air Force to cover the withdrawal, a total of 2739 sorties fighters out air cover, out of 300 sorties per day, effective air strikes against the Germans, the British lost 106 aircraft, British aircraft shot down by German anti-aircraft fire and ground plane was about 140. German-to-air fire in the bombardment,UGGs, the British and French troops pulled out of 33.8 million people are still known as This miracle causes are: the withdrawal of these days, the Dunkirk area mostly overcast and rainy days, fog, rain, and filled with smoke, making the German air force only in the May 27, May 29 pm and June 1, conducted a two and a half of massive bombing, and the remaining time, either the small aircraft fleet 3,5 disruptive air attack, or simply are not deployed. The sea, known for rough seas in the English Channel, known for the past few days, the surprise is calm, so that the UK can be a lot of river trade vessels to retreat, played no small role. Dunkirk soft sand, German planes dropped bombs, difficult to effectively scattered shrapnel flying, destruction greatly reduced. The first is heroic rearguard offensive against the Germans, covering the main retreat, especially in the last 1 rearguard French Army, knowing that their case has been difficult to get out, still desperate battle to hold the position; the British Air Force pilots do can to provide cover for the troops, and some pilots one day sent three or four times over the Dunkirk beaches throughout all British aircraft, giving a heavy blow struck Tak; retreating forces officers and men on board and waiting boarding time, maintained a strict organizational discipline, orderly, with no rush of confusion, so that the whole evacuation process was very smooth; withdrawal of the organizers, those naval officers with outstanding organizational skills to coordinate hundreds of all kinds of vessels, using all methods and equipment, 33.8 million people will be safe withdrawal of the United Kingdom. If the British expeditionary force main can not withdraw the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom, the heavy losses that would be irreparable. Although the British lost a great deal of equipment and supplies, while retaining the test of the next batch of soldiers after the war, the war for the future to retain a large number of officers and men with combat experience, these officers and men returned to England, the vast majority have become in the future the backbone of counterattack. The significance lies in Dunkirk, the British continue to insist the war kept the effective strength of the most precious. As Winston Churchill June 4 Dunkirk retreat to the parliamentary report said: Henri Moore pointed out that Germany, Europe's recovery and the beginning of failure is from Dunkirk! This is by no means an insult to the defeated. U.S. military historians put the Dunkirk evacuation as the most famous battles of the First World War. The Army General 蒂佩尔斯基 Nazi Germany after the war's the beach at Dunkirk, a monument built to commemorate the big retreat in this epic heroic sacrifice in the British and French troops killed in battle. This is the descendants of those who sacrificed their precious lives of officers and men of respect!
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