TV drama \of the Huasheng Shi, showing the seven voyages of Zheng in the political, economic, cultural, diplomatic, scientific, and technological achievements made, revealing the Chinese nation \; and \. Hong Kong actor who plays Gallen Lo Zheng, Yongle Emperor Zhu Di plays Tang Guoqiang, Du Yulu played Yaoguang Xiao, Xu played the Queen in Xiaohui.
According to historical records, Zheng He's seven voyages, the fleet is docked at the Changle Pacific, Here the fleet expansion, the recruitment of sailors, integration training and resupply.
Complete Works of Zheng He's high-definition online viewing:
Zheng Plot:
other description of Zheng He :
1405 7 11 (Yongle years) Yongle Emperor ordered Zheng (formerly named Ma, small print Miho, Kunyang (now Kunming Jinning County).) led a large over two hundred and forty seagoing vessels, twenty-seven thousand four hundred crew members of the fleet sailing, visiting more than 30 in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean countries and regions to deepen the China and Southeast Asia, East Africa friendly ties. every time by the Suzhou Liu Starting in Hong Kong until 1433 (Xuande 8 years), he journeyed with a total of seven times as much. the last time, return to the ancient Xuande in April when the board passed away due to illness. folk tale \Popular Romance in mind, \Seoul, Hormuz, wood beams and other bones are more than thirty countries, has reached the farthest east coast of Africa, Red Sea, Mecca, and may have been to Australia. Western l r under the definition: the early Ming Dynasty in Borneo (Borneo ) / Brunei for the sector, the east known as the Oriental, the west known as the Western, so in the past referred to the South China Sea, Xi Nanhai place, the Ming Dynasty called the Oriental, Western, and the sea of the Gulf of Siam, called up the sea.
Zheng He of the conditions and prerequisites:
1. Tang and Song dynasties sailing the world's leading advanced technology and advanced shipbuilding technology;
2. Ming empire to support strong economic strength and strong military protection;
3. there is such thing as Yongle Emperor Zhu Di, the ruler of this, and such a great navigator Zheng, diplomat.
purpose of Zheng He:
1. to promote the Ming Kwok (political purposes); < br> 2. expansion of overseas trade (economic purposes);
3. There is also a theory is to find possible Yongle Emperor Wen Jian in exile.
significance of Zheng He:
1. shows Early Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of China's national strength, China's western naval aspect, the nations tributary, the Han and Tang Spirit tracing;
2. strengthened China and overseas countries in the Ming government links to Southeast Asia, Western countries have been affordable; < br> 3. This is the last piece of the ancient world history, great event, and since then, after Zheng He, no Zheng.
4. as Zheng He of the political objectives than economic purposes, all of the expenses rely on a strong national power to support the Ming Dynasty, China did not bring any economic benefits, so, after the heyday of the Ming Dynasty, there was no strong economic strength to support this ambitious project, the next stop along Western.
【first】
Yongle four voyages (1406) in June, the first of Zheng He's voyages, the wind south, reached the island of Java, Ma Well eight break the country. Javanese ancient name? woman, this Indonesian island of Java, is the hub of Southeast Asia, densely populated, rich, commercial development.
At that time, the country's East King West King is civil war. East King defeated, and its possessions by the king's army occupied the West. Zheng ship Team personnel ashore to the market to do business, mistaken by the occupying forces to assist the East King was eight intermittent Western King King Ma Well manslaughter, one hundred and seventy dollars. Zheng men have Qingzhan officer, said soldiers the blood can not flow in vain, eager to break hemp eight countries declared war Well, give revenge.
\Zheng He's voyages to the first false starts, and has lost one hundred and seventy innocent soldiers, according to natural that will inevitably trigger a large-scale fighting. However, Zheng know this is a manslaughter, and given the fear and trepidation King West , confessing his sin be punished, so Bing Ming dynasty, turn hostility into friendship, peace deal with the incident. Ming Dynasty decided to abandon the rest of the country Ma Well claim eight, the West King knew about the matter, was moved to live in harmony since the two countries.
Java Semarang commemorate anniversary of Zheng six members of the organizing committee, told reporters about the problem and are very admirable, said Zheng of States, regardless of the strength of affinity, equal treatment, equal treatment, real-time conflict between the two countries, can maintain great restraint, compromises, reasoning, showing on the neighboring countries of peaceful coexistence, good-neighborly friendship, so that China and Indonesia, traditional friendship between the two peoples, we feel settled in here look good, we Zheng and proud.
Indonesia scholars believe that the fleet of Zheng He is undoubtedly the world's most powerful maritime task forces, is a Armada. The seven voyages of Zheng He's twenty-eight years, a real sense the only foreign war Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) once, and is helpless in the case of forced defensive operations. Zheng in the handling of the \Zheng He is to spread peace envoy, his communication is \the second five-year voyages】
Paradise September 13 October 13, 1407. Zheng returned immediately after the second voyage preparation, mainly foreign diplomats sent home.'s visit to the countries of the Champa, Bo Nigeria today Brunei, Siam, now Thailand Zhenla today Cambodia, Java, Malacca, Ceylon, Cochin, Calicut and so on. to Ceylon about the time the fleet to the temple gave away gold, silver, silk, sesame oil and so on. Yongle who started seven years in February February 15, 1409, Zheng He, Jing-Houng Wang Li, \seven years in the summer of 1409 returned to Paradise.
Westerners under the second data contained more than 27,000.
third voyages】 【
Paradise September October 1409 seven ships from Taicang Liu Hong Kong set sail in November to Hong Zhu Bo wait Changle Pacific winds, the same year in December from Fujian Five Humen overseas, the wind after ten days and nights to reach Champa, then sent a fleet to sail directly from the Champa Siam. Zheng He's fleet left La Champa went to true, then the wind into the Java, Temasek (now Singapore, Malacca). Zheng full of thorn in the construction of warehouses, the necessary money and grain under the Western goods are stored in these warehouse, ready for use. Zheng He's fleet of vessels to countries, gathered here when they return, decorated goods, waiting for the south wind to sail for home. Zheng He's fleet sailing from Malacca, the Aru, Sumatra thorn , south to Ceylon in the witch. In Ceylon, Zheng and others sent a fleet to increase this difference Rene southern tip of Indian peninsula east coast of Bataan and Abbas Ibrahim Gambari. Zheng led a fleet to the small Glenn, Cochin, and finally arrived in the ancient years, nine on June 16 at the Paradise July 6, 1411 returned to the motherland.
fourth voyages】 【
Yongle years November 15 1412 Dec. 18 court orders were larger Zheng first voyage. Yongle winter of 1413 ten year voyage. the first to reach Champa, Java, after the heading rate and large fleet of old Hong Kong, Malacca, Aru, Sumatra thorns. Zheng also sent from here to the sliding hill this sub-fleet Maldives Islands. and large fleet sailed from Ceylon Sumatra thorn. In Ceylon the fleet of Zheng He again sent to the Canadian sub-Le differences, and a large fleet driving to the ancient, the re-direct from the ancient Hormuz in the Persian Gulf port Bandar Abbas this island of Qeshm. Here is the commercial exchanges between East and West will be important. Zheng He's fleet which set sail to return home via slip Mountain States. Then the fleet to slip across the Indian Ocean to the hill country of East Africa as a stopover point. Yongle Zheng He's fleet in ten years on July 8 August 12, 1415 to return home. The voyage across the Indian Ocean, Zheng He's fleet reached the Persian Gulf. the fourth time under the Westerners data contained 27,670 people.
fifth voyages】 【
Paradise fourteen years December 10 December 28, 1416 court order to send Zheng \Witch in the South, Ceylon, Nepal Bay sand south east coast of the Indian subcontinent today, Cochin, Calicut. Daxi Lan fleet to send a fleet of Zheng He during slide towards the mountains, then slipped Shanxi Province reached the east coast of Africa wooden frame and beam are in Mogadishu, Somalia today, thorn wow this is not Somalia, Kenya Malindi Ma Lin now. large fleet to Calicut and then divided into two, a fleet of ancestral law towards the Arabian Peninsula children, Adam and thorns Caesar now the Democratic Republic of Yemen, a fleet of direct Hormuz. Yongle seventeen years July 17 August 8, 1419 the fleet home.
】 【Sixth Voyage
Paradise nineteenth first month on the 30th March 3, 1421, Yongle Emperor ordered Zheng He sent envoys to return the Sixteen Kingdoms. To catch the northeast monsoon, the fleet of Zheng rate soon as we got there Champa countries and regions, Siam, Hormuz, Adam, progenitor law children, stabbed Caesar, not sting wow, are bundles of wood bone, bamboo step Juba River in Somalia this year, Ma Lin, the ancient years, Cochin, add different Le, Ceylon Hill, slide mountain, witch in the south, Samudra, Aru, Malacca, Gambari, the mantle this eight-Sa Mombasa, Kenya. Yongle two decades, 18 August 3 September 1422 the fleet home, visiting with onboard Siam, Sumatra and other countries thorns and Adam envoys.
Seventh Voyage】 【
treasure ship off the water from the Longjiang Xuande 6 years 9 June 1430 29, Ming Emperor Xuan Zong Zheng Zhu Zhanji life mission to Western again. In the same year leap sixth days of December, the fleet now Nanjing from Shimonoseki Longwan set sail on February 3 was centered Liu Hong Kong. in Liu Hong Kong Li Zheng and other \They sail the course six times. Xuande fleet from five to six years on December 9 Humen traveling abroad. The voyage by Champa, Java, Sulu Ma Yi, Samudra, where the ancient, bamboo-step, and then south to southern tip of Africa near the Mozambique Channel, and then return. When the fleet sailed to the ancient in the vicinity of the terminal one of Zheng He because of overwork, Xuande eight years in early April 1433 in the death of the old west coast of India. Zheng He's fleet is made by the eunuchs Jing-Houng Wang, led return by Samudra, Malacca and other places, Taicang Liu returned to Hong Kong. Xuande, July sixth days (July 22, 1433) the fleet arrived in Nanjing.
seventh The following data contained 27,550 people Westerners.
1st voyages to the West 2nd 3rd 4th Voyages Voyages to the West 5th 6th 7th Voyage Voyages
(1406) June October 13 1407 October 1409 December 18, 1412 December 28, 1416 March 3, 1421 June 29, 1430
fleet preparation < br> Zheng He's fleet is a large fleet, in full compliance with maritime navigation and military organizations, compiled, and the world at that time called a strong maritime mobile formations. Many foreign scholars have said Zheng He's fleet is the task forces, Zheng He is commander of the Navy or Marine Corps commander. renowned international scholars, the United Kingdom, Dr. Joseph Needham comprehensive analysis of the history of the world after this period, reached this conclusion: \in the history of Asian countries than any good, or even any contemporary European countries, so that all European countries together, can be said that the Navy can not compete with the Ming Dynasty. \Zheng He's fleet is based at sea and the tasks, the use of established forms of military organization.
First, the number of multi-
number of Zheng He, there is a clear historical record of 4 times.
we can initially determine: the number of Zheng He's voyages each in 27,000 or more. about 5 Wei Ming army, each man Guardian 5000-5500; from now see a \Wei. the Western Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, the number of sailing: at between 90-150; 170; 265. I'm not here simply to talk about quantity, but rather that a scientific truth, the number of people sailing reflects a strength, especially in the ancient society, it needs all material security, is not easy.
Secondly, the preparation of the fleet. Based on our years of research professionals in the Navy, the fleet by the s Strategy, amphibious forces honor guard of three sequences compiled. s Strategy and is now the ship force, the basic unit of warships, which are composed of formation, called the former camp, after camp, the camp, left camp, the right business; amphibious forces for the landing; Guards and the foreign exchanges as a guard of honor during the ceremony, a solemn awe-inspiring.
in accordance with the voyages of the task, the fleet personnel are divided into six sections: command part, marine parts, some of Foreign Affairs and Trade, logistics part of the military escort section. conductor parts: the hub of the entire fleet of sailing, diplomacy, trade, warfare for a command decision. Zheng is the Chief General post is the imperial eunuch; marine parts: marine services, ship repair, and predict the weather, etc.; part of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Diplomatic etiquette, trade, and contact the translation; logistical support components: financial management, and logistics, and the drafting of instruments, medical personnel, etc.; military escort parts: the charge of safety of navigation and military operations. from the the composition of the fleet, the preparation is perfect, tight, reflecting the wealth of sailing experience the ancient Chinese people, to ensure the realization of Zheng He.
Treasure Ship
According to \, Zheng He treasure ship a total of 63, the maximum length of forty Sizhang four feet, ten feet wide and eighteen, was the world's largest ship, equivalent to the current length of 151.18 meters, 61.6 meters wide. The ship has four on board, 9 masts can be linked to 12 sails, the anchor a few extremely heavy weight, in order to spend two hundred sail, a ship can accommodate a thousand people. \can accommodate thousands of people \eighth husband, eight hundred tons deadweight. This boat can accommodate thousands of people, was the world's largest vessels. Its style towering, giant no match. It's iron rudder, have two or three hundred people to move. The second species is called \;, long twenty-Si Zhang, ten feet wide and four feet nine. fifth called \laden, and some used and transportation, and some used in combat, some for the living. meticulous division of labor, type more. We can say that Zheng He's fleet is one to treasure ships as the main body to assist the vessel with large-scale composition.
sure to send
that \the smaller the \plant dock can accommodate 20 wide-husband.
Ibn? Battuta (ibn Battuta) (1304-1377) of travel has long record of China's huge and can carry thousands of 12 ships sail. Battuta's record 12 sails can be used as circumstantial evidence contained in thousands of treasure ship.
questions sent
that timber strength is limited, too much of the hull can not guarantee water tightness is difficult to make a long voyage. According to the Nanjing Zheng Li Jinghai Temple residues Monument records, the first sea treasure ship of Zheng as \It was copied to the sailing of the forty Sizhang \
seamanship
under \Zheng He's fleet, during the day with compass navigation, night watch the stars and the water is used the method to maintain directional compass course. Because of the on board storage of fresh water, the ship's stability, anti-sinking and other issues have made a reasonable solution, so Zheng The fleet can be in the \to form the corresponding semaphore. night with lanterns reflect the sailing conditions encountered poor visibility, fog rain, with a gong, horn, and Luo Hao is also used for communication links.
reflect Zheng navigation technology, mainly in three aspects:
1, Astronomical Navigation Technology in China very early
moon and stars can be measured by observing the orientation and position of ship navigation. Zheng He's fleet had the nautical compass positioning and navigation applications combine the determination of vessel position and course to improve the accuracy of, people referred to as \technology represents the world of that time advanced level of celestial navigation.
2, to the text navigation technology
Zheng He's voyages to the text navigation technology, is a marine and nautical picture shows the basis of scientific knowledge, the use of the mariner's compass, the meter meter, depth sounder and other navigational instruments, in accordance with the chart, the needle Road book records to ensure that the ship's navigation routes. voyage to determine the line of navigation, called the needle Road, compass error, no more than 2.5 degrees.
3, \from right to left, a figure 20, a total of 40, the last with \Coast 16. marked the city, islands, marine signs, beaches, reefs, mountains and routes and so on. which clearly marked the Nansha Islands (Wan-sheng Tong Island), Paracel Islands (Tong), the Zhongsha Islands (Stone Star Stone Tong), 1947 Zheng Government of the Republic Ministry of the Interior named the South China Sea and other various islands and reefs, to commemorate the great navigator.
\most representative of the Western Sea Port map compared to the \\and their understanding of the accuracy of charts made a high evaluation.
Zheng He reflects the glory of China's advanced navigation technology, the performance of the great ancient Chinese wisdom, thus creating the great Zheng He voyage.
Zheng discovered America in 2002 on the
bestselling book \unit has achieved global navigation, and as early as in the West even before the Age of Discovery's argument that America and Oceania.
2006 年 1 16, Beijing and London, National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, a 1763 on display The notes have drawn 16 years of Yongle (1418) of the Chinese maritime map. The detailed map of the Chinese maritime navigation area, and painting the Americas, Europe, Africa, outline. In addition, the plan also is accompanied by Native Americans ( color black and red, wearing a feather head and waist), and Australian Aboriginal (dark-skinned, naked, wearing waist bone products) technique described. The only shortcoming is that the navigation map is not recorded in the British Isles. According to the map of the collector Gang Chinese lawyers said he was in 2001 to $ 500 from a Shanghai merchant bought the map, and because the above-mentioned read \and significance.
Zheng He sailed around for 28 years, he visited more than 30 countries and regions. In each place, the king of Zheng books to each gift, to show friendship, the fleet brought silk, porcelain, copper iron, gold, silver and other local specialties handicrafts exchange. accompanying officials keep records of knowledge. back to the voyage, to send the same to all countries, presented to the Ming emperors treasures specialty and business exchange with China. friendly exchanges, expand trade, but also to enhance understanding. Zheng brilliantly completed his mission, Southeast Asia and other places people have been commemorating the angel of peace and friendship, in some cities, still retains the temples commemorating Zheng He and the famous historical site. Zheng He's seven expeditions in the world maritime history of the feat. The European navigator Christopher Columbus, Hua Gotha. gamma-sea activities, much later than Zheng, who sailed a few times, the number of about 100 ships three, four, the largest tonnage of 120 only tons. In the range, scale, organization, etc., more than these Zheng European navigators.
transcripts of Zheng He's maritime fleet of Zheng He arrived
Old Port (now Sumatra, Palembang), when suddenly intercepted by pirates attacks. Pirates of the head of this group called ECOLOGY AND. ECOLOGY AND this is Cantonese, Hongwu go now Southeast Asia, convened a group of people occupied the Old Port, and often rob merchant ships pass by here, merchants in many countries are deeply hurt. This time, ECOLOGY AND see the fleet ships and more troops all, not rashly start to leave the intention to surrender Zheng, secretly preparing robbery fleet. Zheng Chen Zuyi to discover the plot, the immediate deployment of countermeasures. other ECOLOGY AND rate of people to rob when he commanded the soldiers to defeat the pirates, killing five thousand people, destroying pirate ships ten, captured seven, also captured ECOLOGY AND. in Ceylon Hill, King Yalie Chennai children suffering many gifts presented to the Ming Dynasty, said the two countries fix it. I did not realize Chennai greedy children suffer lack of Yalie see the fleet ships with a number of gold and silver, to pretend to please Zheng to his palace. feast of entertainment, the Zheng He once again to obtain gold, but sent troops to secretly steal Zheng He's fleet. Zheng calm, understand that most of the mountain of Ceylon has sent troops to attack the fleet, the capital empty to rushed orders, to the transfer of more than two thousand soldiers, a surprise attack on the capital of Ceylon Hill, captured the Yalie suffering children and his wife Guanzhu Chennai. to lead the troops to listen to the generals of the fleet that robbed the military back to attack the capital, quickly ordered the withdrawal back to the rescue. Zheng The army killed a back thrust up a victory, again defeated the dozen enemy soldiers. They had surrendered to the Ming army. Zheng soldiers surrendered on the spot release of pawns, only the Yalie bitter Nai children and detained in several important Guanzhu ship, and then continue to visit other areas. When the fleet of Zheng He reached the ancient capital of beam when the wood. Huan Ying King personally, and the banquet. Zheng presented to the king and queen silk pottery and tea. king sent the Ming emperor only the rare animals, called \Ming Dynasty established diplomatic relations. Zheng also brought back Hormuz lion, leopard, big West; Aden unicorn, long-horned beast, Mahathir; ancient wooden beams and the Lions took Fluke; Blake's sting wow thousand camels and ostriches.
Zheng rest in the country after more than a year, the 11th Wing Lok years, Chengzu also makes his third voyage of Western Asia. this just in time for the northeast monsoon season, Zheng and the fleet with the wind, you soon A thorn to the Dasu door (now the Indonesian island of Sumatra).
Samudra just after a big incident, so that Zheng He's visit to be in trouble. original, Su A thorn in the western countries have orphan .1408 (Ming Yue Yong six years), and that orphans States and Samudra was a battle, stabbed the king in Sumatra arrows killed. Prince of age, is still small, can not revenge for his father. the Queen is vengeful, she spoke to the country: an orphan who led troops to defeat that country, for the kings revenge, I would marry him and asked him to be king. a brave fisherman ability to lead the troops to defeat the orphan States army, killed their king. fisherman married the queen, became king of Samudra. the old king's son is not willing to grow up. confidants that he cultivated a group of warriors, took the opportunity to kill the fisherman, his throne. Zheng door A stab to the Dasu, the king presented to the new many gifts. fishermen have a son of Su dry thorn, want to make revenge his father, launches an attack on Sumatra stabbed in an attempt to compete for the throne. I did not expect to be the new anti- King defeated. He had fled to a hill near a place called, self-reliance of a camp. he heard that Zheng He presented to the new king of Samudra many gifts, but not gifts to yourself, heart and hate to bogey to lead tens of thousands of all soldiers, attacks on Zheng He's fleet. in Sumatra in cooperation with thorns, Zheng and command brave soldiers returned fire, the Soviet Union all played dry thorn defeated soldiers, up the victory to a place called the South Bo Li, captured Sugan stabbed and his wife, son. Thirteen years after returning to the Yongle, Emperor Yongle ordered the assassination of the Soviet Union dry. 1430 (June Xuande five years), the fifth emperor of the Ming Dynasty - Ming Emperor Xuan Zong Zhu Zhanji and a dispatch Zheng, Jing-Houng Wang led the fleet, visit Hormuz and other two dozen countries. because of this visit more countries, regions widely, far away, so will a very long time to leave home before 1433 . Unexpectedly, where the fleet was returning to the old (now the west coast of southern India, Kozhikode), the sixty-year-old Zheng due to overwork, unfortunately passed away. Jing-Houng Wang Zheng He ordered the body to properly Zhuanglian, prepared to return burial . was already into the summer hot tropical climate, fleet aircraft into the Java (now Indonesia's Java island), the saw is difficult to save the remains of Zheng He, have been buried not shipped back to China, Jing-Houng Wang had decided to bury the ground.
Zheng and the role and significance under the Western role
won the throne, Zhu Di, the Ming Dynasty has established more than three decades, agriculture and people's lives has not been the impact of the coup. At this time, Guangzhou and other coastal areas of China the development of very prosperous city. In good economic development, the development of overseas transport and overseas trade has been a very pressing matter. On the other hand, Zhu Di would like to use the external activities to show their power and establish their own reputation. Therefore, the voyage's activities to the imperative.
early Ming Dynasty, the emperor thirty-one years of good governance, economic recovery of the agriculture. In handicrafts, too, has made great progress: mine treatment, textile, ceramics, paper, printing in all aspects, than before with varying degrees of increase. China's silk, porcelain and even welcomed by some European countries, won a high reputation. particularly well-developed shipbuilding industry, marine technology advances ( including the use of the compass needle, the accumulation of experience sailing, sailing knowledge to improve), the cultivation of a large number of marine sailor, and early Ming restoration and development of industry and commerce, Song and Yuan China's overseas trade has been developed, the increase of foreign immigrants, all of which Everything to Zheng, \trade and travel requirements. Thus, a strong Yongle Emperor Zhu Di decided to organize a fleet to the \sent his ambassador to \on the socio-economic recovery and development, increasing national strength, prosperity, and this may make it to the overseas development. Zhu Di themselves as \and imperial history, like utilitarianism, Zhu Di is a utilitarian, he would promote national prestige, outward show the rich.
to the Yongle period, due to national prosperity, Zhu Di to establish the idea of a heavenly kingdom is even more intense. Yongle Emperor's personality grandiose, often to exotic shows China's prosperity, to the early Ming Dynasty, the policy on overseas dissatisfied with the negative, it is one of the court to change its foreign policy, came to the throne after sending eunuchs to go abroad, call for States to North Korea, a move no doubt can improve the Yongle Emperor's prestige. Zheng Yao can significantly troops abroad, to overseas countries showy China's prosperity, to promote the Weed Ming. At the same time he wants to shine overseas to ease the country with some of the people of his country to win the throne by force dissatisfaction.
he wants to shine overseas to ease the country with some of the people are dissatisfied with the status of his seized by force. Some of the book said Zhu Di sent Zheng \It is said that \, is naturally one of the most uneasy thing. Chengzu suspect he fled to refuge abroad, I am afraid he will pose a threat to their own, so send spy Zheng Wen Jian traces in order to prevent future trouble.
Zheng led a large fleet to the nature of its activities, it is neither a general merchant fleet, not ordinary diplomatic missions, but by the feudal rulers of Foreign Affairs and Trade Organization's dual mandate of both the fleet.
One of the tasks his mission is to attract national tribute to concede defeat, and these countries to build on the great powers and the vassal state of the State. In order to accomplish this task, to the States after the Zheng He, the first thing is Emperor Zhu Di's edict publicity. to national Xuanyu: Mukden by the Ming emperor ordered the monarch on state powers, is the Bong \do not all bullying among few, strong bullying the weak, a blessing to share peace and harmony. If called to come to the Tribute, the reciprocity, should be liberally rewarded.
The second thing is the gift. thanks States Letters Patent of Silver King and India, thanks to King and Crown officials at all levels, clothing and other gifts, that those countries willing to establish and develop friendly relations.
The third thing is to trade activities. to China in exchange for the hand of industrial countries of local products, to enable countries to China's beautiful, well-drawn handicrafts, which are willing to come to China to concede defeat tribute, trade activities. China's exports of silk and porcelain, ...
No comments:
Post a Comment